Splenic infarction: an uncommon yet significant complication in COVID-19 patients - a case series report and literature review.

Splenic infarction is a rare complication observed in some patients affected by coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), with poorly understood clinical features and prognosis. We analyzed the histopathological reports and clinical data from six adult patients admitted to a tertiary care center between 10 October 2020, and 10 January 2021, diagnosed with COVID-19 and splenic infarct. Confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis was established through a nasopharyngeal swab while uncertain diagnoses, children, and non-hospitalized patients were excluded. Splenic infarct was confirmed by abdominal CT scan. The findings indicated a direct impact of the virus on the spleen, evident through a decline in lymphocyte counts. These results emphasize the significance of comprehending the potential complications and pathological changes associated with COVID-19, particularly concerning splenic involvement. The literature review employed a specific keyword search strategy focusing on COVID-19 and splenic infarction case reports. The review highlighted the association between COVID-19 and an increased risk of thromboembolism, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and managing clotting issues. It also underscored the need to consider splenic infarction as a potential complication in COVID-19 patients with abdominal pain. The study highlighted the diverse nature of splenic infarction in COVID-19 patients, necessitating a multidisciplinary management approach and calls for further research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies.

The Hidden Threat: Endocrine Disruptors and Their Impact on Insulin Resistance.

The association between Insulin resistance, a global health issue, and endocrine disruptors (EDCs), chemicals interfering with the endocrine system, has sparked concern in the scientific community. This article provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature regarding the intricate relationship between EDCs and insulin resistance. Phthalates, commonly found in consumer products, are well-established EDCs with documented effects on insulin-signaling pathways and metabolic processes. Epidemiological studies have connected phthalate exposure to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), persistent synthetic compounds, have shown inconsistent associations with T2DM in epidemiological research. However, studies suggest that PFAS may influence insulin resistance and overall metabolic health, with varying effects depending on specific PFAS molecules and study populations. Bisphenol A (BPA), found in plastics and resins, has emerged as a concern for glucose regulation and insulin resistance. Research has linked BPA exposure to T2DM, altered insulin release, obesity, and changes in the mass and function of insulin-secreting ß-cells. Triclosan, an antibacterial agent in personal care products, exhibits gender-specific associations with T2DM risk. It may impact gut microbiota, thyroid hormones, obesity, and inflammation, raising concerns about its effects on metabolic health. Furthermore, environmental EDCs like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and heavy metals have demonstrated associations with T2DM, insulin resistance, hypertension, and obesity. Occupational exposure to specific pesticides and heavy metals has been linked to metabolic abnormalities.

Review on the Drug Intolerance and Vaccine Development for the Leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), a zoonotic disease of vector-borne nature that is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania. This parasite is transmitted by the vector sandfly into the human via a bite. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called kala-azar, is the most fatal among the types of leishmaniasis, with high mortality mostly spread in the East Africa and South Asia regions. WHO report stated that approximately 3.3 million disabilities occur every year due to the disease along with approximately 50,000 annual deaths. The real matter of concern is that there is no particular effective medicine/vaccine available against leishmaniasis to date except a few approved drugs and chemotherapy for the infected patient. The current selection of small compounds was constrained, and their growing drug resistance had been a major worry. Additionally, the serious side effects on humans of the available therapy or drugs have made it essential to discover efficient and low-cost methods to speed up the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis. Ideally, the vaccine could be a low risk and effective alternative for both CL and VL and elicit long-lasting immunity against the disease. There are a number of vaccine candidates at various stages of clinical development and preclinical stage. However, none has successfully passed all clinical trials. But, the successful development and approval of commercially available vaccines for dogs against canine leishmaniasis (CanL) provides evidence that it can be possible for humans in distant future. In the present article, the approaches used for the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis are discussed and the progress being made is briefly reviewed.

Biomimetic Approaches in Cardiac Tissue Engineering: Replicating the Native Heart Microenvironment.

Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, pose significant challenges in medical practice, necessitating innovative approaches for cardiac repair and regeneration. Cardiac tissue engineering has emerged as a promising solution, aiming to develop functional and physiologically relevant cardiac tissue constructs. Replicating the native heart microenvironment, with its complex and dynamic milieu necessary for cardiac tissue growth and function, is crucial in tissue engineering. Biomimetic strategies that closely mimic the natural heart microenvironment have gained significant interest due to their potential to enhance synthetic cardiac tissue functionality and therapeutic applicability. Biomimetic approaches focus on mimicking biochemical cues, mechanical stimuli, coordinated electrical signaling, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions of cardiac tissue. By combining bioactive ligands, controlled delivery systems, appropriate biomaterial characteristics, electrical signals, and strategies to enhance cell interactions, biomimetic approaches provide a more physiologically relevant environment for tissue growth. The replication of the native cardiac microenvironment enables precise regulation of cellular responses, tissue remodeling, and the development of functional cardiac tissue constructs. Challenges and future directions include refining complex biochemical signaling networks, paracrine signaling, synchronized electrical networks, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions. Advancements in biomimetic approaches hold great promise for cardiovascular regenerative medicine, offering potential therapeutic strategies and revolutionizing cardiac disease modeling. These approaches contribute to the development of more effective treatments, personalized medicine, and improved patient outcomes. Ongoing research and innovation in biomimetic approaches have the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine and cardiac disease modeling by replicating the native heart microenvironment, advancing functional cardiac tissue engineering, and improving patient outcomes.

Novel Therapeutic Targets for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Emerging Strategies and Future Directions.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), also known as Stoneman syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal bone development caused by activating mutations of the ACVR1 gene. FOP affects both the developmental and postnatal stages, resulting in musculoskeletal abnormalities and heterotopic ossification. Current treatment options for FOP are limited, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Challenges in the development of management criteria for FOP include difficulties in recruitment due to the rarity of FOP, disease variability, the absence of reliable biomarkers, and ethical considerations regarding placebo-controlled trials. This narrative review provides an overview of the disease and explores emerging strategies for FOP treatment. Gene therapy, particularly the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9) system, holds promise in treating FOP by specifically targeting the ACVR1 gene mutation. Another gene therapy approach being investigated is RNA interference, which aims to silence the mutant ACVR1 gene. Small molecule inhibitors targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3ß and modulation of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway are also being explored as potential therapies for FOP. Stem cell-based approaches, such as mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, show potential in tissue regeneration and inhibiting abnormal bone formation in FOP. Immunotherapy and nanoparticle delivery systems provide alternative avenues for FOP treatment.

An assessment of the strategy and status of COVID-19 vaccination in India.

The COVID-19 disease continues to cause devastation for almost 3 years of its identification. India is one of the leading countries to set clinical trials, production, and administration of COVID-19 vaccination. Recent COVID-19 vaccine tracker record suggests that 12 vaccines are approved in India, including protein subunit, RNA/DNA, non-replicating viral vector, and inactivated vaccine. Along with that 16 more vaccines are undergoing clinical trials to counter COVID-19. The availability of different vaccines gives alternate and broad perspectives to fight against viral immune resistance and, thus, viruses escaping the immune system by mutations. Using the recently published literature on the Indian vaccine and clinical trial sites, we have reviewed the development, clinical evaluation, and registration of vaccines trial used in India against COVID-19. Moreover, we have also summarized the status of all approved vaccines in India, their associated registered clinical trials, manufacturing, efficacy, and their related safety and immunogenicity profile.

A Data-Driven Approach to Construct a Molecular Map of Trypanosoma cruzi to Identify Drugs and Vaccine Targets.

Chagas disease (CD) is endemic in large parts of Central and South America, as well as in Texas and the southern regions of the United States. Successful parasites, such as the causative agent of CD, Trypanosoma cruzi have adapted to specific hosts during their phylogenesis. In this work, we have assembled an interactive network of the complex relations that occur between molecules within T. cruzi. An expert curation strategy was combined with a text-mining approach to screen 10,234 full-length research articles and over 200,000 abstracts relevant to T. cruzi. We obtained a scale-free network consisting of 1055 nodes and 874 edges, and composed of 838 proteins, 43 genes, 20 complexes, 9 RNAs, 36 simple molecules, 81 phenotypes, and 37 known pharmaceuticals. Further, we deployed an automated docking pipeline to conduct large-scale docking studies involving several thousand drugs and potential targets to identify network-based binding propensities. These experiments have revealed that the existing FDA-approved drugs benznidazole (Bz) and nifurtimox (Nf) show comparatively high binding energies to the T. cruzi network proteins (e.g., PIF1 helicase-like protein, trans-sialidase), when compared with control datasets consisting of proteins from other pathogens. We envisage this work to be of value to those interested in finding new vaccines for CD, as well as drugs against the T. cruzi parasite.

Anu Taila, an herbal nasal-drop, delays spore germination in Cunninghamella bertholletiae by reducing cAMP-PKA dependent ROS in mucorale pathogen and extrinsic ROS in human host cells.

The rare, fastest-germinating, frequently invasive mucorale, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, is intractable due to its imprecise etiology. Cunninghamella bertholletiae spores can infect both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals to cause mucormycosis. Sub-optimal drug-susceptibility further limits its treatment options. The classical nasal drop, Anu Taila, is reported to be effective against the rather prevalent mucorales, Mucor spp., making its anti-mucormycotic effect against C. bertholletiae worth testing. The inhibitory effect of Anu Taila against C. bertholletiae was manifested as microstructural alterations of the spores and their delayed germination. Anu Taila reduced the germination-promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in both the pathogen, C. bertholletiae, and the human host lung epithelial A549 cells. Expressions of structural (chitin synthase, trehalose synthase) and functional (cAMP-PKA) markers of spore germination were regulated by Anu Taila. cAMP-PKA expression and ROS generation are well-correlated, implicating the role of Anu Taila in delaying C. bertholletiae spore germination by targeting cAMP-PKA-mediated ROS generation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Anu Taila can create an opportunity for the host immune system to tackle the onset of C. bertholletiae infection by delaying its pathogenesis. This can be further leveraged to reinforce the host immune system through combinatorial treatment to prevent the establishment of the mucormycosis infection.

Treatment Management of Diabetic Wounds Utilizing Herbalism: An Overview.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as DM, is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by high blood glucose level, i.e., chronic hyperglycemia. If it is not managed properly, DM can lead to many severe complexities with time and can cause significant damage to the kidneys, heart, eyes, nerves and blood vessels. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of those major complexities which affect around 15-25% of the population diagnosed with diabetes. Due to diabetic conditions, the body's natural healing process slows down leading to longer duration for healing of wounds only when taken care of properly. Herbal therapies are one of the approaches for the management and care of diabetic foot ulcer, which utilizes the concept of synergism for better treatment options. With the recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology and natural drug therapy, a lot of opportunities can be seen in combining both technologies and moving towards a more advanced drug delivery system to overcome the limitations of polyherbal formulations. METHODS: During the writing of this document, the data was derived from existing original research papers gathered from a variety of sources such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar. CONCLUSION: Hence, this review includes evidence about the current practices and future possibilities of nano-herbal formulation in treatment and management of diabetic wounds.

Identification and comprehensive analysis of MIPSs in Rosaceae and their expression under abiotic stresses in rose (Rosa chinensis).

The Myo-Inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) gene family is involved in the myo-inositol synthesis and plays a significant role in signal transduction, membrane biogenesis, oligosaccharides synthesis, auxin storage and transport, programmed cell death and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This study comprehensively identified the MIPS genes in Rosaceae plant species, and 51 MIPS genes were identified from 26 Rosaceae species. The phylogenetic analysis divided the MIPSs into two clades (clade I; subfamily Amygdaloideae specific, and clade II; subfamily Rosoideae specific). MIPS genes of all 26 Rosaceae species consist of similar gene structure, motif and domain composition, which shows their conserved nature. The cis-regulatory elements (CREs) analysis revealed that most Rosaceae MIPS genes play a role in growth, development, and stress responses. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR analysis also revealed the involvement of RcMIPS gene in plant development and response to abiotic stresses, including drought and heat. The results of the present study contribute to the understanding of the biological function of Rosaceae MIPS genes, and that could be used in further functional validations.

Dyspepsia with alarm symptoms in patients aged less than 60 years: Is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy justified in Indian scenario?

BACKGROUND: Newer American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) guidelines do not suggest endoscopy to investigate alarm features for dyspepsia patients under the age of 60 to exclude upper gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasia. The validity of this recommendation has not been evaluated in our population. So, this study was conducted to assess the utility of upper GI endoscopy to investigate alarm features in dyspepsia patients less than 60 years of age to exclude upper GI neoplasia. METHODS: This prospective observational study evaluated consecutive patients of dyspepsia between 18 and 60 years of age, with at least one or more of the alarm symptoms (unintentional weight loss; loss of appetite; GI bleeding; anemia; recurrent or persistent vomiting; dysphagia with predominant epigastric pain; and family history of upper GI cancer) with upper GI endoscopy to exclude any organic lesion and malignancy. RESULTS: Of total 294 patients evaluated with endoscopy, 34.7% (n=102) had normal endoscopy (functional dyspepsia [FD]) while 65.3% (n=192) had abnormal endoscopic findings (organic dyspepsia [OD]). Of 192 patients with OD, 146 patients (49.6% of the total study population) had benign abnormality (benign OD) while 46 patients (15.6% of the total study population) had malignancy of the upper GI tract (malignant OD). CONCLUSION: The investigation of alarm features in dyspepsia patients less than 60 years of age with upper GI endoscopy leads to detection of organic lesion (65.3%) including malignancy (15.6%) in a significant percentage of patients.

Multifaceted roles of GRAS transcription factors in growth and stress responses in plants.

The GAI-RGA- and -SCR (GRAS) proteins regulate a myriad of biological functions in plants. The C-terminus of GRAS proteins is highly conserved, whereas the N-terminus is hypervariable. So far, GRAS proteins have been reported in more than 50 plant species. However, not many GRAS proteins are characterized, thus limiting the revelation of their many functions. This review provides a recent update on GRAS proteins, including their structural features, evolutionary gene family expansion/diversification, and interacting protein partners. Also, a mechanistic insight on GRAS protein-mediated plant growth and abiotic stress response is provided. For this, we assessed the transcriptional dynamics of GRAS genes in rice (monocot) and Arabidopsis (dicot) at different developmental stages and under several abiotic stresses. Lastly, the usage of genome-editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system to understand GRAS molecular functions is highlighted, with the ultimate goal of developing improved agronomic and climate-resilient traits in plants.

Use of DNA image cytometry in conducting oral cancer screening in rural India.

OBJECTIVES: Oral cancer screening can assist in the early detection of oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) and prevention of oral cancers. It can be challenging for clinicians to differentiate OPMLs from benign conditions. Adjunct screening tools such as fluorescence visualisation (FV) and DNA image cytometry (DNA-ICM) have shown success in identifying OPMLs in high-risk clinics. For the first time we aimed to assess these technologies in Indian rural settings and evaluate if these tools helped clinicians identify high-risk lesions during screening. METHODS: Dental students and residents screened participants in five screening camps held in villages outside of Hyderabad, India, using extraoral, intraoral, and FV examinations. Lesion and normal tissue brushings were collected for DNA-ICM analysis and cytology. RESULTS: Of the 1116 participants screened, 184 lesions were observed in 152 participants. Based on white light examination (WLE), 45 lesions were recommended for biopsy. Thirty-five were completed on site; 25 (71%) were diagnosed with low-grade dysplasias (17 mild, 8 moderate) and the remaining 10 showed no signs of dysplasia. FV loss was noted in all but one dysplastic lesion and showed a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 17%. Cytology combined with DNA-ICM had a sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 86% in detecting dysplasia. CONCLUSION: DNA-ICM combined with cytology identified the majority of dysplastic lesions and identified additional lesions, which were not considered high-risk during WLE and biopsy on site. Efforts to follow-up with these participants are ongoing. FV identified most high-risk lesions but added limited value over WLE.

Identification of vaccine targets & design of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus using computational and deep learning-based approaches.

An unusual pneumonia infection, named COVID-19, was reported on December 2019 in China. It was reported to be caused by a novel coronavirus which has infected approximately 220 million people worldwide with a death toll of 4.5 million as of September 2021. This study is focused on finding potential vaccine candidates and designing an in-silico subunit multi-epitope vaccine candidates using a unique computational pipeline, integrating reverse vaccinology, molecular docking and simulation methods. A protein named spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the GenBank ID QHD43416.1 was shortlisted as a potential vaccine candidate and was examined for presence of B-cell and T-cell epitopes. We also investigated antigenicity and interaction with distinct polymorphic alleles of the epitopes. High ranking epitopes such as DLCFTNVY (B cell epitope), KIADYNKL (MHC Class-I) and VKNKCVNFN (MHC class-II) were shortlisted for subsequent analysis. Digestion analysis verified the safety and stability of the shortlisted peptides. Docking study reported a strong binding of proposed peptides with HLA-A*02 and HLA-B7 alleles. We used standard methods to construct vaccine model and this construct was evaluated further for its antigenicity, physicochemical properties, 2D and 3D structure prediction and validation. Further, molecular docking followed by molecular dynamics simulation was performed to evaluate the binding affinity and stability of TLR-4 and vaccine complex. Finally, the vaccine construct was reverse transcribed and adapted for E. coli strain K 12 prior to the insertion within the pET-28-a (+) vector for determining translational and microbial expression followed by conservancy analysis. Also, six multi-epitope subunit vaccines were constructed using different strategies containing immunogenic epitopes, appropriate adjuvants and linker sequences. We propose that our vaccine constructs can be used for downstream investigations using in-vitro and in-vivo studies to design effective and safe vaccine against different strains of COVID-19.

Vaxi-DL: A web-based deep learning server to identify potential vaccine candidates.

The development of a new vaccine is a challenging exercise involving several steps including computational studies, experimental work, and animal studies followed by clinical studies. To accelerate the process, in silico screening is frequently used for antigen identification. Here, we present Vaxi-DL, web-based deep learning (DL) software that evaluates the potential of protein sequences to serve as vaccine target antigens. Four different DL pathogen models were trained to predict target antigens in bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses that cause infectious diseases in humans. Datasets containing antigenic and non-antigenic sequences were derived from known vaccine candidates and the Protegen database. Biological and physicochemical properties were computed for the datasets using publicly available bioinformatics tools. For each of the four pathogen models, the datasets were divided into training, validation, and testing subsets and then scaled and normalised. The models were constructed using Fully Connected Layers (FCLs), hyper-tuned, and trained using the training subset. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and AUC (Area under the Curve) were used as metrics to assess the performance of these models. The models were benchmarked using independent datasets of known target antigens against other prediction tools such as VaxiJen and Vaxign-ML. We also tested Vaxi-DL on 219 known potential vaccine candidates (PVC) from 37 different pathogens. Our tool predicted 175 PVCs correctly out of 219 sequences. We also tested Vaxi-DL on different datasets obtained from multiple resources. Our tool has demonstrated an average sensitivity of 93% and will thus be a useful tool for prioritising PVCs for preclinical studies.

Livogrit Prevents Methionine-Cystine Deficiency Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Modulation of Steatosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Hepatocyte-Derived Spheroid and in Primary Rat Hepatocytes.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by fatty liver, oxidative injury, and inflammation, has considerably increased in the recent years. Due to the complexity of NASH pathogenesis, compounds which can target different mechanisms and stages of NASH development are required. A robust screening model with translational capability is also required to develop therapies targeting NASH. In this study, we used HepG2 spheroids and rat primary hepatocytes to evaluate the potency of Livogrit, a tri-herbal Ayurvedic prescription medicine, as a hepatoprotective agent. NASH was developed in the cells via methionine and cystine-deficient cell culture media. Livogrit at concentration of 30 µg/mL was able to prevent NASH development by decreasing lipid accumulation, ROS production, AST release, NFκB activation and increasing lipolysis, GSH (reduced glutathione), and mitochondrial membrane potential. This study suggests that Livogrit might reduce the lipotoxicity-mediated ROS generation and subsequent production of inflammatory mediators as evident from the increased gene expression of FXR, FGF21, CHOP, CXCL5, and their normalization due to Livogrit treatment. Taken together, Livogrit showed the potential as a multimodal therapeutic formulation capable of attenuating the development of NASH. Our study highlights the potential of Livogrit as a hepatoprotective agent with translational possibilities.

Anu taila, an herbal nasal drop, suppresses mucormycosis by regulating host TNF-α response and fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.

AIM: The intractable, mucormycosis, caused by Mucorales primarily targets immunocompromised individuals. The first-line therapy, intravenous liposomal amphotericin B and surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, is contraindicative in individuals with compromised kidneys. This invokes a pressing need to identify safer treatment options. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antifungal effect of the classical nasal drop, Anu taila, against Mucor spp. was investigated through microbiological, cytological, analytical chemical (HPLC and GS-MS/MS) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) approaches. Anu taila-pretreated spores germinated late, resulting in reduced infectivity, observed as milder monocytic immune response. Conversely, Anu taila-pretreated human THP-1 cells exhibited an improved immune response against Mucor spores, through TNF-α. Repeated Anu taila application rapidly abolished fungal microarchitectures than amphotericin B, evident from swift replacement of hyphae, sporangiophores and sporangia with fused biomass, in the SEM images. HPLC analysis showed that Anu taila treatment significantly reduced overall ergosterol content in Mucor biomass. Anu taila also downregulated sterol-C5-desaturase-coding ERG3 gene, crucial for ergosterol biosynthesis and resultant structural integrity, in Mucor spp. CONCLUSION: Taken together, Anu taila was found effective against Mucor spp., with both prophylactic and curative implications, which is attributable to the phytochemical composition of this classical nasal drop. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT STATEMENT: The potential remedial effects of a classical nasal drop against an obdurate and challenging fungal infection are identified.

Identification of vaccine targets in pathogens and design of a vaccine using computational approaches.

Antigen identification is an important step in the vaccine development process. Computational approaches including deep learning systems can play an important role in the identification of vaccine targets using genomic and proteomic information. Here, we present a new computational system to discover and analyse novel vaccine targets leading to the design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine candidate. The system incorporates reverse vaccinology and immuno-informatics tools to screen genomic and proteomic datasets of several pathogens such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Vibrio cholerae to identify potential vaccine candidates (PVC). Further, as a case study, we performed a detailed analysis of the genomic and proteomic dataset of T. cruzi (CL Brenner and Y strain) to shortlist eight proteins as possible vaccine antigen candidates using properties such as secretory/surface-exposed nature, low transmembrane helix (< 2), essentiality, virulence, antigenic, and non-homology with host/gut flora proteins. Subsequently, highly antigenic and immunogenic MHC class I, MHC class II and B cell epitopes were extracted from top-ranking vaccine targets. The designed vaccine construct containing 24 epitopes, 3 adjuvants, and 4 linkers was analysed for its physicochemical properties using different tools, including docking analysis. Immunological simulation studies suggested significant levels of T-helper, T-cytotoxic cells, and IgG1 will be elicited upon administration of such a putative multi-epitope vaccine construct. The vaccine construct is predicted to be soluble, stable, non-allergenic, non-toxic, and to offer cross-protection against related Trypanosoma species and strains. Further, studies are required to validate safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine.

Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Stereoconfigured Tartarate Derivatives as Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents In Vitro and In Vivo.

Preclinical and clinical data reveal that inflammation is strongly correlated with the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including those of cancer, Alzheimer, and diabetes. The inflammatory cascade involves a multitude of cytokines ending ultimately with the activation of COX-2/LOX for the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. While the available inhibitors for these enzymes suffer from nonoptimal selectivity, in particular for COX-2, we present here the results of purposely designed tartarate derivatives that exhibit favorable selectivity and significant effectiveness against COX-2 and LOX. Integrated approaches of molecular simulation, organic synthesis, and biochemical/physical experiments identified 15 inhibiting COX-2 and LOX with respective IC50 4 and 7 nM. At a dose of 5 mg kg-1 to Swiss albino mice, 15 reversed algesia by 65% and inflammation by 33% in 2-3 h. We find good agreement between experiments and simulations and use the simulations to rationalize our observations.

A computational analysis of molecular evolution for virulence genes of zoonotic novel coronavirus (COVID-19).

Zoonotic Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly pathogenic and transmissible considered as emerging pandemic disease. The virus belongs from a large virus Coronaviridae family affect respiratory tract of animal and human likely originated from bat and homology to SARA-CoV and MERS-CoV. The virus consists of single-stranded positive genomic RNA coated by nucleocapsid protein. The rate of mutation in any virulence gene may influence the phenomenon of host radiation. We have studied the molecular evolution of selected virulence genes (HA, N, RdRP and S) of novel COVID-19. We used a site-specific comparison of synonymous (silent) and non-synonymous (amino acid altering) nucleotide substitutions. Maximum Likelihood genealogies based on differential gamma distribution rates were used for the analysis of null and alternate hypothesis. The null hypothesis was found more suitable for the analysis using Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) method, confirming higher rate of substitution. The analysis revealed that RdRP gene had the fastest rate evolution followed by HA gene. We have also reported the new motifs for different virulence genes, which are further useful to design new detection and diagnosis kit for COVID -19.